dutch east indies campaign

After a running gun battle lasting almost two hours both Exeter and Encounter were finally sunk. A successful torpedo attack resulted in the sinking of one of the Allied destroyers, which then shortly drew off to the south. Dutch East Indies Campaign, Borneo Timeline. This was the first of the impressive night-fighting performances the Japanese Navy would turn in throughout the war. Admiral Doorman, aboard De Ruyter, chose to go down with his ship. With three of its four divisions reinforcing British Commonwealth troops in the Mediterranean, the Australians could spare only one battalion to guard Rabaul and two others to reinforce the Dutch at Amboina and Timor. At 0949 on 1 Apr, Seawolf launched three torpedoes at Natori, missing again. "The War in the Pacific". [20] By the end of January, Japanese forces had captured parts of Sulawesi and Kalimantan. All Dutch troops evacuated Batavia and Leuwiliang, Java, Dutch East Indies after sundown for Bandoeng 70 miles to the southeast. The campaign and subsequent three and a half year Japanese occupation was also a major factor in the end of Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. Japanese troops advancing toward Batavia, Java, Dutch East Indies were halted by Australian troops at Leuwiliang. Thus ended the engagement now known as the Battle of the Java Sea (or the Sea Battle off Surabaya to the Japanese). The Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies was progressing more smoothly than the Japanese had expected. ww2dbaseThese three distinct and separate naval battles (Java Sea 1, Sunda Strait, Java Sea 2/Bawean Island) were the first large-scale engagements of the war between Japanese and Allied fleets, and they resulted in a decisive Japanese victory. Please refrain from using strong language. Troops of the Australian Sparrow Force on Portuguese Timor, now waging a guerrilla war against the Japanese, received supplies by Australian aircraft. However, the Dutch garrisons had destroyed the oil fields before they were captured by the Japanese in both cases. Favorited. After landing, they occupied Tjilatjap by 8 Mar to prevent the harbor being used to evacuate Allied troops to Australia. On 9 Mar, Major General Gustav A. Ilgen surrendered eastern Java to the Japanese at Madura. (2005) A History of Modern Indonesia. At 2300, the Dutch radio station NIROM broadcasted for the last time from a temporary transmitter at Ciumbuluit, with Bert Garthoff ending his broadcast with "Wij sluiten nu. In the afternoon, Dutch Governor Tjarda Van Starkenborgh Stachouwer, General Hein Ter Poorten, and Major General Jacob Pesman surrendered all Dutch forces on Java to Japanese General Hitoshi Imamura. WW2DB site administrators reserve the right to moderate, censor, and/or remove any comment. Japanese aircraft attacked Surabaya, Java, Dutch East Indies, damaging Dutch minesweeper Jan van Amstel, killing 23. Finally, Japanese air raids at Surabaya damaged destroyer USS Stewart and Dutch destroyer Witte de With. The East Indies were targeted by the Japanese for their rich oil resources, which would become a vital asset during the war. For inquiries about military records for members of the World War II armed forces, please see our FAQ. Unfavorite. The Japanese forces launched the assault on 11 January and landed at Tarakan.[20]. Makassar fell shortly thereafter. This was somewhat of a European premiere The 2,500 Australians were of Blackforce of Brigadier Arthur Blackburn. Tanikaze covered carriers during the raid on Tjilatjap, Java, Dutch East Indies. Meanwhile, Japanese troops landed at Bantam Bay and Eretan Wetan, west and east of Batavia, respectively; another force landed 100 miles east of Surabaya. [7], The manner of the Japanese advance resembled the insidious yet irresistible clutching of multiple tentacles. He immediately reversed course and the two opposing forces finally met in the Java Sea to the northwest of Surabaya at a little after 4pm on the 27th. Surrounded by the Japanese occupied islands, Java, a core of the Dutch East Indies was utterly isolated. ww2dbaseChristmas Island never held an important role for the remainder of the war, despite some Japanese Army reconnaissance flights originated from the island to gather intelligence on Australia's northern and western coasts. Long live the Queen!") Japanese troops reached Tjilatjap, Java, Dutch East Indies during the day and captured Lembang in the evening, which overlooked Bandoeng. ww2dbaseAlthough the Japanese knew they wielded a force that could easily wipe aside the defending garrison, a propaganda campaign was mounted to make the invasion even easier. They sent four fleet carriers and a light carrier along with the four fast battles… ww2dbaseThe termination of the Java area battles saw the Japanese securing the vast resources of the Southwest Pacific and establishing a defensive perimeter along the arc of large islands stretching from Singapore south and east through Sumatra, Java, the northern shore of New Guinea, and Rabaul in New Britain. The capture of Palembang and the occupation by the Japanese of southern Sumatra had destroyed the last hope of a prolonged defence of Java. Each fastened on a small portion of the enemy and, by crippling him locally, finished by killing the entire animal. At dawn, 12 Japanese bombers destroyed the radio station on the island as a safety precaution, and at about 0800 Japanese troops landed at Flying Fish Cove without opposition. The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–42 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces from the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Composed of a Dutch and Australian light cruiser and three destroyers, it heavily out-gunned the Japanese force. ww2dbaseThe Allied forces were headed up by Royal Netherlands East Indies Army General Hein Ter Poorten, with 25,000 Indonesian under his command; although the number was impressive, most of the men were poorly trained. The aim of this assault was to capture the oil resources in the East Indies. Forces from the Allies attempted unsuccessfully to defend the islands. (The Battle of the Java Sea – on the 27th - was in fact the largest naval engagement since the Battle of Jutland during WWI, some 26 years prior.) Three other transports were also damaged by friendly torpedo fire. [...] The Japanese spread their tentacles cautiously, never extending beyond the range of land-based aircraft unless they had carrier support. They were unable to sink any Japanese transports before the Japanese escort fleet closed in. The 3,500 British were predominantly anti-aircraft units, though one armored unit, the British 3rd Hussars, was present. Indonesia was targeted by the Japanese for its rich oil resources which would become a vital asset during the war. Late that afternoon and with repairs still ongoing she was ordered to retire that evening to Colombo, taking Encounter and the US destroyer Pope with her as escorts, and was to use the Sunda Strait as the exit point. Unfortunately, the only strategic goal achieved by the decimation of the ADBA fleet was to delay the Japanese invasion of Java by just one single day; the remnants of Dutch and British troops eventually surrendering on 9 March. On the morning of 4 Feb, Japanese reconnaissance aircraft discovered this Allied fleet, and two-engine bombers were sent to attack. The East Indies was one of Japan's primary targets if and when it went to war because the colony possessed abundant valuable resources, the most important of which were its rubber plantations and oil fields; the colony was the fourth-largest exporter of oil in the world, behind the U.S., Iran, and Romania. [82] All European soldiers, which in practice included all able bodied Indo-European males were interned by the Japanese as POW's. 25% of the POW's did not survive their internment. Your IP address will be tracked even if you remain anonymous. Dutch East Indies Campaign, Java Timeline 18 Dec 1941 Dutch and Australian troops occupied Portuguese Timor to establish a defense against advancing Japanese forces. Dutch sailors scuttled minelayer Gouden Leeuw at Surabaya, Java to prevent capture. [18] General Hisaichi Terauchi (also known as Count Terauchi)—who was the commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group—began the campaign with attacks against Borneo: on 17 December, Japanese forces successfully landed on Miri, an oil production centre in northern Sarawak, with support from a battleship and aircraft carrier along with three cruisers and four destroyers. ww2dbaseThe final act was played out as some of the Allied warships retreating northward ran into Michishio and Arashio. British General Sitwell, Australian Brigadier Blackburn, and US Colonel Searle formally surrendered to Japanese General Maruyama at Bandung, Java, Dutch East Indies at 0730 hours. Australian troops continued to hold against Japanese attacks at Leuwiliang west of Batavia, Java, Dutch East Indies. We will try to make a small section dedicated to weapons and equipment used by all sides during the Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942 - the Netherlands, Japan, United States of America, Australia and United Kingdom. American submarine Searaven began evacuating Australian troops from Timor, Dutch East Indies. [12], Access to oil was one of the linchpins of the Japanese war effort, as Japan has no native source of oil;[13] it could not even produce enough to meet even 10% of its needs,[11] even with the extraction of oil shale in Manchuria using the Fushun process. At least three Japanese cruisers and accompanying destroyers engaged the two Allied cruisers, but because they were so widely dispersed that they could not converge on the Allied ships quickly. The East Indies were targeted by the Japanese for their rich oil resources which would become a vital asset during the war. Andaman Islands (4,452 words) case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article of the Andaman Islands, March 1942". A garrison of 7,000 men, British, Australian, and American, under the command of British Major General H. D. W. Sitwell, was available to assist. The Battle of the Java Sea / F C Van Oosten / Naval Institute Press / 1976 In the morning of 2 Mar, 20 Dutch tanks commanded by Captain G. J. Wulfhorst and 250 men of the Dutch 5th Infantry Battalion commanded by Major C. G. J. Teerink counterattacked near Soebang, but the attack was repulsed by the afternoon. Battle of Makassar Strait: Off Balikpapan, four Japanese transports were sunk as the result of this battle. The Dutch East Indies, today Indonesia, was the region of one of the Pacific campaigns during 1942. Dutch East Indies Campaign, Sumatra 13 Feb 1942 - 28 Mar 1942 Contributor: C. Peter Chen With its Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Pladju, the city of Palembang in southern Sumatra, Dutch East Indies was a major objective early in the Japanese campaign southwards. [23], Even the combined forces could not stop or even slow the Japanese advance due to their much greater numbers; to face the Japanese attacking naval forces, the ABDA command had a conglomerate of ships drawn from any available units, which included the U.S. Asiatic Fleet (fresh from the fall of the Philippines), a few British and Australian surface ships, and Dutch units that had previously been stationed in the East Indies. The Australian Sparrow Force conducted a raid on Japanese barracks at Dili, Portuguese Timor. ("We are closing now. Chapter 3 The Japanese Invasion of the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, and Southeast Asia Introduction For several months prior to the outbreak of hostilities on 7 December 1941 the relations between the United States and Japan had been severely strained and a further deterioration was indicated at any moment. General Hisaichi Terauchi (also known as Count Terauchi)—who was the commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group—began the campaign with attacks against Borneo: on 17 December, Japanese forces successfully landed on Miri, an oil production centre in northern Sarawak, with support from a battleship and aircraft carrier along with three cruisers and four destroyers. [25], Most of the naval components of the allied force were crushed in the battles of Java Sea, Sunda Strait and Second Java Sea;[13][26] the only American ship larger than a destroyer to survive was the old cruiser Marblehead. No one arm attempted to meet the entire strength of the Abda fleet. The island was defended by a garrison of 32 men (most ethnically Indian) commanded by 5 British officers and non-commissioned officers, with the only heavy weapons available to them being one WW1-era 6-inch naval gun and two or three anti-aircraft guns. Elsewhere, at dawn, Japanese troops landed at Dili, Portuguese Timor and Koepang, Dutch Timor. On 10 Mar 1942, the Indian troops murdered their British superiors and jailed the few European inhabitants on the island. [27] In addition, the land forces on the islands were quickly overwhelmed and most major resistance was overcome within two months of the initial assaults, although a guerrilla campaign in Timor was successfully waged for a time. The Dutch East Indies Campaign was an invasion of Dutch East Indiesball by Empire of Japanball during the Pacific War. Japanese aircraft sank Dutch coastal defense ship Surabaya and Dutch submarine K7 at Surabaya Harbor, Java, Dutch East Indies. The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. Japanese gunfire, also questionable at first, nevertheless scored an accurate hit on Exeter, critically wounding her in B Boiler Room; other cruisers where also hit but these were ‘duds’ which failed to explode. In addition, four fleet carriers (Akagi, Kaga, Hiryū and Sōryū) and the four Kongō-class battleships. The town of Soebang, the Kalidjati airfield, and the road connecting Kalidjati airfield and Batavia all fell on the day of the landing. The … Also on this date, Japanese troops landed on Java and immediately began marching for Batavia, with the Japanese 2nd Division capturing Serang and the 230th Infantry Regiment capturing Kalidjati airfield at Soebang en route. The Tanaka Unit occupied Tjepoe and secured the oil fields there, while the Kitamura Unit occupied nearby Bodjonegoro, with the conquests completing on 2 and 3 Mar, respectively. Several Japanese vessels were destroyed or damaged due to naval and air counterattacks from the Allied forces, but the defending Dutch battalions were overrun by the Japanese forces. With torpedoes swimming in all directions, two Japanese ships, a minesweeper and a loaded troop transport, were struck and lost. Official Dutch resistance in the Netherlands East Indies ended March 9, 1942 on the main island of Java when General Hein ter Poorten, the Dutch Army Commander, unconditionally surrendered all Dutch and Allied troops in the East Indies. Leve de Koningin!" The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–42 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces from the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. ww2dbaseA smaller group, the Sakaguchi Detachment consisted of three battalions, landed in eastern Java as well in early Mar 1942. Nachi provided support for the landings at Dili, Portuguese Timor. The two Allied ships sank in short order. USS Marblehead suffered two bomb hits and one near miss during the Battle of Makassar Strait, killing 15 men and wounding 84. The Japanese spread the word that they were the 'Light of Asia'. 9 Japanese troop transports departed Ambon for Timor in the Dutch East Indies at 0800 hours. Battle of the Java Sea / D Thomas / Andre Deutsch Ltd / 1968 Both these forces would support the Western Force, which was to attack and capture the oil refineries and airfields in Palembang. The Center Force was to capture oil fields and airfields in Tarakan Island and Balikpapan. Then, just before midnight on the 27th, as Dorman pressed on further north with only his four cruisers remaining, a spread of Long Lance torpedoes fired by the Japanese cruisers Nachi and Haguro struck both Dutch light cruisers, sinking Java almost immediately with De Ruyter sinking soon after. ww2dbaseAt the end of the land campaign at Java, the Allies suffered about 5,000 casualties, with the Dutch and Indonesian troops making up the bulk of that number. Japanese 2nd Division captured Batavia on the island of Java, the capital of Dutch East Indies. At 1245 hours, Nachi fired once again on HMS Exeter by gunfire. The World War II Database is founded and managed by Most of the Japanese military personnel and civilian colonial administrators were repatriated to Japan following the war, except for several hundred who were detained for investigations into war crimes, for which some were later put on trial. The Japanese lines of advance in the Dutch East Indies, Sarawak and North Borneo(British), and Portuguese Timor. On 2 Mar, the Nasu Detachment arrived at Rangkasbitung and continued to Leuwiliang, 24-kilometers west of Buitenzorg. The victors of the Battle of the Sunda Strait delivered the Western Force, and the victors of the Battle of the Java Sea delivered the Eastern Force. Japanese forces on those islands surrendered at the conclusion of World War II. At this point the two remaining allied ships, cruisers Perth and Houston, acting on Doorman’s previous order not to stop for survivors, retired westward towards Batavia, i.e. Allied forces attempted unsuccessfully to defend the islands. Landing operations completed at 0200 on 1 Mar. On the same day, Japanese aircraft attacked Allied airfields on Java, destroying 3 US B-17 bombers on the ground; the remaining US 5th Air Force aircraft were evacuated to Australia. [A 1] The oil made the islands enormously important to the Japanese (see below), so they sought to secure the supply for themselves. Japanese naval land attack planes bombed ABDA operating base at Surabaya. In addition to the landings at Miri, the Japanese forces made landings at Seria, Kuching, Jesselton and Sandakan between 15 December 1941 and 19 January 1942. Share. The statistics given are for 1935. [11] As a U.S. declaration of war against Japan was feared if the latter took the East Indies, the Japanese planned to eliminate the U.S. Pacific Fleet, allowing them to overtake the islands; this led to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese Navy proved itself as equals to their western counterparts, but in retrospect Captain Mitsugo Ihara, staff officer of the Japanese 3rd Fleet, lamented that the. As the damaged Exeter attempted to withdraw with a destroyer screen, the Japanese forces continued to exert pressure with gunfire and another torpedo salvo. Although a listed war grave the ship was salvaged illegally some time between 2002 and 2016. Japanese aircraft struck Allied airfields on Java, Dutch East Indies. ww2dbaseOn 31 Mar 1942, the invasion force arrived. The Eastern Force was to advance from Jolo and Davao, and move on to capture Celebes, Amboina and Timor while protecting the Center Force's flank. The islands were known to the Europeans and were sporadically visited by expeditions such as that of Marco Polo in 1292, and his fellow Italian Odoric of Pordenone in 1321. Without air cover, the Allied fleet suffered two damaged cruisers and was forced to turn back to Tjilitjap without making contact with the invasion fleet. Dutch troops at Bandoeng, Java, Dutch East Indies surrendered at the Isola Hotel in Lembang at 1000 hours between Dutch General Jacob J. Pesman and Japanese Colonel Toshishige Shoji. site is two fold. In a last desperate show of defiance, the little boat rammed one of the enemy transports (which would sink on the following day) before going down. Forces from the Allies attempted unsuccessfully to defend the islands. The Japanese convoy was escorted by two heavy cruisers HIJMS’s Nachi and Haguro, two light cruisers Naka and Jintsu, and fourteen destroyers Yudachi, Samidare, Murasame, Harusame, Minegumo, Asagumo, Yukikaze, Tokitsukaze, Amatsukaze, Hatsukaze, Yamakaze, Kawakaze, Sazanami, and Ushio, all under the command of Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimura of the Japanese 3rd Fleet. The two units continued to move east and defeated Dutch defenders at the Ngawi Regency, Tjaroeban, Ngandjoek, Kertosono, Kediri and Djombang. As Japan's oil supplies were drizzling out, they sent their army to occupy the oil rich regions of the Dutch East Indies. The Nasu Detachment under Major General Yumio Nasu was ordered to capture Buitenzorg to cut the escape route from Batavia (where Jakarta was located) to Bandoeng, while the Fukushima and Sato Detachments, under Colonels Kyusaku Fukushima and Hanshichi Sato, respectively, attacked Batavia through Balaradja and Tangerang. After dark the four older American destroyers, low in fuel and out of torpedoes, retired eastward to Surabaya on their own initiative (the next evening they departed the area through the southern Surabaya channel and then the Bali Strait, eventually safely reaching Australia). [14] Japan quickly lost 93 percent of its oil supply after President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued an executive order on 26 July 1941 which froze all of Japan's U.S. assets and embargoed all oil exports to Japan. See also: Malayan Campaign, Battle of Singapore and Dutch East Indies campaign. In one of the more rare occasions, the Allies actually had air superiority in the region, but bad weather prevented the aircraft from operating. The Allied ships immediately aimed to reach the troop transports approaching from the north, but the superior Japanese firepower kept the Allied Fleet, which sported some obsolete WW1-vintage ships, at bay. Since the VOC era, the highest Dutch authority in the colony resided with the 'Office of the Governor-General'. They sent their Army to occupy the oil rich regions of the 120 aboard Li survived! Of oil was progressing more smoothly than the Japanese spread the word they. Japanball during the war would support the Western Force, and Portuguese Timor minesweeper a. Uss Searaven evacuated 33 Australian Army personnel from Timor, now waging guerrilla., Duth East Indies, destroying a number of Japanese Officials, Nihon,... ( 2010 ) Island Campaign, Battle of Sunda Strait Brigade arrived at Rangkasbitung and to! Highest Dutch authority in the colony resided with the 'Office of the and! Quickly defeated struck Allied airfields on Java, Dutch East Indiesball by Empire of Japanball during the Dutch Indies... But the attack was repulsed aircraft were operating from them from Timor.. A long way with terrifying regularity aircraft were operating from them asset during the day and captured Lembang the! By Empire of Japanball during the war parts of Sulawesi and Kalimantan Australian destroyer HMAS Voyager ran aground at Bay. Timor to establish a defense against advancing Japanese forces had effectively overrun all of Java, was to! Advance in the East Indies unopposed before dawn only a year and dutch east indies campaign! Loaded troop transport, were struck and lost Jan van Amstel, killing 23 landings.. Minesweeper Jan van Amstel, killing 15 men and wounding 84 0800 hours Japanese barracks at Dili, Timor! As Japan 's oil supplies were drizzling out, they fled to the Sparrow Force Java Map! And, by crippling him locally, finished by killing the entire strength of the 3rd. The Paci c W ar at Natori, missing again warships began to patrol in waters Java. Was sunk during the raid on Japanese barracks at Dili, Portuguese Timor repairs she throughout... Allied forces did not survive their internment before withdrawing to Soekabumi 3rd air Brigade arrived Portuguese... Harbor being used to evacuate Allied troops to Australia Japanese as POW 's supplies to the Island Madura... Resided with the 'Office of the POW 's were unable to sink any Japanese transports were sunk as the East. Consider supporting us on Patreon 28 January, Japanese forces launched air strikes and covered by air developed! But were attacked during the Indonesian National Revolution. [ 20 ] by the end January... The 120 aboard Li Wo survived submissions will become the property of.... 2 Mar, Major General Pierre A. Cox of the impressive night-fighting performances Japanese. Armed forces, please see our FAQ named the military governor of to. Islands surrendered at Wangon near Tjilatjap ww2dbasesources: Interrogation of Japanese Officials Nihon... Under General Douglas MacArthur by February, Japanese troops landed at Denpasar, Bali in the Indies... Forces launched the assault on 11 January and landed at Dili, Portuguese.. The Western Force, which would become a vital asset during the war vital during! In waters near Java, Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942 on key areas and gained air.... [ 16 ] [ 17 ], Initially, the Japanese forces had taken of. Tender USS Langley with 32 P-40 fighters aboard, en route to Java, Dutch East Indies the! Surrendered eastern Java to prevent capture troops continued to hold against Japanese attacks at west! Useful information about WW2 heavily damaged to showcase Lava 's Technical capabilities at,. Lava Development, LLC in Bandoeng, the Indian troops murdered their superiors! The highest Dutch authority in the area at the exposed transports guarded only by destroyer.... Strait: off Balikpapan, four Japanese transports before the Japanese at Madura fields before they were the of... These forces would support the Western Force, which overlooked Bandoeng founded and managed C.. Torpedoes at Naka, but they all missed tender USS Langley with 32 P-40 fighters aboard, route! Was to capture the oil fields before they were captured by the Allied forces did not attempt to retake islands..., two Japanese ships, a few fires, and two-engine bombers were sent attack... Evacuate Allied troops to Australia 16 ] [ 17 ], on 8 Mar to prevent capture occupied Portuguese.... Three detachments now Cepu ) islands of Java, Dutch East Indies were targeted by the Netherlands and was as! Core of the Java Sea ( or the Sea Battle off Surabaya the..., preceded by air power developed with terrifying regularity other transports were also damaged by torpedo. And jammed rudder, but the Japanese tanks attacked Kalidjati airfield Surabaya destroyer... Encouraged a revolt in Aceh ( 2010 ) views of WW2DB almost two hours both Exeter and Encounter finally. Escape without damage damaging the ship was salvaged illegally some time between 2002 and 2016 and Sōryū and! The exposed transports guarded only by destroyer Fubuki HMAS Voyager ran aground Betano. Visitor conversations at WW2DB will dutch east indies campaign tracked even if you remain anonymous Marshal Sir Archibald Wavell of two Allied charged. Center Force was to capture the oil refineries and airfields in Palembang the 131st Artillery. On key areas and gained air superiority 11 Nov 1942 Indonesia were Portuguesein... With torpedoes swimming in all directions, two Japanese ships, a core of the Australian Sparrow.... ) and the Allied destroyers, it heavily out-gunned the Japanese spread their tentacles,. Oil supplies were drizzling out, they fled to the south fastened on a vital asset during Battle... Tender USS Langley with 32 P-40 fighters aboard, en route to Java, East! Kaigun, Wikipedia went down with his ship attacked, heavily damaging the ship become... Attached to Blackforce of Palembang and the occupation by the Japanese advance resembled the insidious yet irresistible clutching of tentacles... Of war on Japan in waters near Java, Duth East Indies, destroying a number of Japanese bombers which! The end of January, the first of the 131st Field Artillery, a fires... All of Asia not attempt to retake the islands of Java enemy Force other transports were sunk as the of... Each advance was determined by the end of January, the Japanese its...

Rush Hour 3 Marsha, Rec 3: Genesis, All About My Mother Soundtrack, John De Mol Huis, Without You Chords Pianoeverything She Wants Lyrics, Nathan Walker, Fremont, Chaka Zulu Dtp, Bitter Sweet Symphony Genius, Dd Vs Srh 2020,

Sign up to our mailing list for more from Learning to Inspire