richard iii society

Circulated among his friends, the Encomium was not published until 1616, after his death. 2nd March 2013: The Greyfriars Dig -- A New Richard III. The act has led one modern historian to comment that Richard III '... has a claim to having been the only possessor of a genuinely parliamentary title during the entire Middle Ages.' This has not stopped some historians from trying. Lady Hastings' uncle, Roger Mortimer, although never proclaimed heir presumptive to the throne of England, was undoubtedly considered a candidate due to Richard II being childless. He wrote that Hastings was shocked by Richard's high handed actions at Northampton and repented his earlier support. Promoting research into the life and times of Richard III since 1924. Tudor's failure to land in 1483 is mentioned, although we then almost immediately see him safely ashore. Ramsden and A.N. In 1483 Richard's underlying justification for taking the throne had been that he, rather than a child king, could best ensure the continuation of the hard-won stability of Edward IV's closing years; that, in effect, the end (political order) justified the means (usurpation). Many believe this was Richard's first action that publicly indicated his intention to become king. One of the most famous passages in her work is that in which she discusses Richard's behaviour in seeking out the widowed Anne Neville, whom, according to the Crowland chronicler, Clarence had 'caused to be concealed': 'What, however, was the part pursued by Richard of Gloucester – that prince who for three generations has been held up to scorn and contempt for every base, unmanly, treacherous, and vindictive feeling? The arrest and execution of the popular Hastings, who was barely given time to ask for absolution of his sins, shattered the peace of the ancient palace and within a few hours that of the capital. The Hautes were related to the Woodvilles through the marriage of earl Rivers sister Joan to Sir William Haute. The Richard III Society was founded in 1924 and is today an international organisation with a membership of several thousand and a formidable range of achievements to its name. Certainly Mancini and More felt this to be a satisfactory explanation. It is generally assumed that because of Richard's actions in 1483, there was a history of distrust and dislike between Richard and the Woodvilles. By his day, the eye-witnesses to the fifteenth century were all dead, but documents of the period were becoming available. Kendall judges that he created the 'moderate' position: 'he is the first professional historian to take his stand outside the Tudor tradition and to make use of its evidence in a detached and critical spirit as he is the first historian to view Richard's career in terms of its times. Historical truth counted for nothing; the moral lesson of crime and punishment was much more satisfying, especially to those who created it. A number of Tudor gentlemen delighted in collecting these manuscripts, and in 1596 founded the Society of Antiquaries. Promoting research into the life and times of Richard III since 1924, Patron: HRH The Duke of Gloucester KG GCVO. Elizabeth, on her part, because of Hastings' tough negotiations, and Hastings because the agreement lapsed after her royal marriage. The execution's illegality has meant that Richard is vulnerable to criticism that is difficult to refute. The drowning of Clarence.©Geoffrey WheelerThat Richard, Duke of Gloucester drowned his brother George in a butt of malmsey wine is one of the most popular myths in English history.It is Thomas More who first hinted that Richard might have been involved with Clarence's death: 'Some wise men also ween that his drift covertly conveyed, lacked not in helping forth his brother of Clarence to his death.' Charles Ross wrote that the accusation that Richard was personally responsible for the murders of Edward of Lancaster and Henry VI was 'quite unrelated to the mundane facts of historical evidence'. ‘Thomas Turpie, one of the leading Scottish historians of the early Scottish saints, describes Richard, duke of Gloucester, as ‘the most high profile patron’ of the cult of St Ninian in the fifteenth century. Nonetheless, Shakespeare of course picked up on the idea that Richard was born feet forward. '[12], Horace Walpole by JG Eccardt© Geoffrey WheelerHorace Walpole was born in 1717, the youngest child of Sir Robert Walpole, England's first real Prime Minister. Perhaps Edward came to some arrangement with Anthony to waive his claim in Richard's favour. The details of the claim were then publicised during their formal acceptance by parliament in January 1484. Canon law allowed questions of legitimacy to be raised after the parents' deaths -- wrong was not excused by the passage of time, and long continuance of adultery did not make it right. Such preparation, however, need not be interpreted as contrived but merely essential to an important operation. Tudor's invasion is represented as the successful climax of that rebellion, although Buckingham himself is captured and executed. Hastings' ambitions were not diminishing with age and he was still capable of vigorously asserting his authority as he had demonstrated in the council chamber in April. Mancini would have relied almost completely on second hand reports and rumour. This exercise in public relations was directed at the citizen elite of London, who would then have explained it to their subordinates. Is this an indication that Shakespeare himself was perfectly well aware that at least some reports about Richard circulating in his own day were fabrications? He also said that the second John had been taken prisoner at Bosworth, and executed two days later, and there certainly was a John Buck who was attainted after the battle. Gairdner said that 'to whitewash Richard III is an utterly hopeless task'. This harsh judgement could have been mitigated if Elizabeth had not known of Edward's prior marriage - in this case the two could have remarried after Eleanor's death. The charge of ahistoricity levelled at the play generally has less to do with such details than with the central character of Richard himself. Undeniably, Miss Halsted is long-winded, but her rhetorical devices are not too obtrusive and her narrative moves forward. … Its constitutional validity apart, his assumption of the crown may be judged as sensible and perhaps even inevitable. The Stall Plate of Lord Hastings, St George's Chapel WindsorCourtesy: Geoffrey WheelerOn 17 April Hastings took part in Edward IV's obsequies in Westminster Abbey and on the 20th was present when his body was committed to the tomb in the magnificent Chapel of St. George that he had built at Windsor. It was asserted that public opinion considered the marriage of Edward and Elizabeth to be invalid, the essential truth of that public opinion could be presumed and no trial was necessary. The Richard III Society was founded during the summer of 1924 by a Liverpool surgeon, Saxon Barton, and a small group. Book V discusses Richard's virtues and good works – and the fate of the remaining Plantagenets. He does however retain a degree of objectivity, and there is no portrayal of Richard as a monster. Rosalie L. Colie, who wrote a study of paradoxes, says it fails because it does not 'surprise or dazzle by its incongruities' and strikes the reader as an all-but-serious defence, 'sincere but lame'. [2] On 8 August 1482 a John Edwards made a confession at Westminster which rescinded allegations he had made against Dorset and Rivers that he had made in Calais when he was 'in fear of his life' and of being put in the 'breke'. Whilst the acquisition of land, wealth and power was a factor in Richard's determination to marry Anne Neville it is reasonable to assume that their marriage was successful for there is no hint of scandal or mistresses. It was the speed with which events unfolded in 1483 and his change from loyal brother and supporter of the crown to usurper that has caused most speculation and the need for a satisfactory explanation. Clandestine marriages were deplored because people, between whom impediments existed, might contract marriage in error or by fraud; the calling of banns was aimed to publicise a proposed marriage and prevent such misfortunes, and to proclaim the good faith of the contracting parties. Professor Charles Ross wrote that 'No shred of blame can fall on Richard …', King Henry VI – '… for I did kill King Henry …'. Such was the influence of Hastings that his threat to retire to Calais caused the Queen to capitulate and agree that the escort would be no more than 2,000 men. Ashby de la Zouche Castle.The manor was granted to William Hastings in 1464and he was granted the licence to fortify it in 1474.Richard, in the decisive fashion that was to be the hallmark of his future actions, left Yorkshire and met with Rivers, the King's maternal uncle, at Northampton. Elizabeth Shore's introduction to her future husband, Thomas Lynom, was probably made while he interrogated her in his capacity as Richard's solicitor-general, Forster, Queen Elizabeth's treasurer and receiver-general, was held in prison for almost nine months and he was sufficiently frightened to surrender his stewardship of the liberty of St, Albans within forty-eight hours of his arrest 'in the hope of obtaining remission of his punishment'. The suggestion is that Katherine was Richard's mistress, as his illegitimate daughter was called Katherine. Sir Thomas More explained Clarence's death as being brought about 'by the Queene and the Lordes of her bloode which highlye maligned the kynges kindred'[2]. The biographies included in The Hastings Hours and Dunham's Lord Hastings' Indentured Retainers were, perhaps, inspired by the survival of the work of art and the indentures rather than to any particular interest in Hastings. At first these fines were small, a shilling or so, but in 1580 Pope Gregory XIII issued his fatwa saying that to kill Elizabeth would not be a mortal sin, and the next year the fines jumped to an astronomical level, hitting recusant families very hard: they either had to pay up or go to Protestant services. They headed for the coast at Lynn where they took ship for the Low Countries. Its very familiarity, indeed, allowed Shakespeare to emphasize the inexorability of events by streamlining the chronology. It might thus be argued that while in the Warwick household he learnt to dislike the Woodvilles as much as Warwick and his brother Clarence did. (his) concern for the souls of the men who died at Towton may well have sprung from his personal religious feelings about what was due to the dead, but it also points to a real appreciation of their loyal sacrifice.’ Full article. The last two had strong connections with Hastings: Howard as his deputy in Calais and Catesby as a lawyer. The Tower meeting was convened early, but Gloucester launched into a tirade against the Queen whose witchcraft was wasting his body and he showed the assembly his arm as proof. THE RICARDIAN is the historical journal of the Richard III Society (www.richardiii.net). The dispute over Richard's motives continues today. We cannot discount the possibility that the reason the journey was difficult was that she had not recovered from Richard’s birth, but that is not what the letter says. The possibility of some degree of discord within the Woodville family, despite their unity , should not be overlooked. Edward's hasty and secret marriage to Elizabeth proclaimed his bad faith: if the banns had been called and his councillors informed, the impediment of the pre-contract might have been revealed and circumvented. The evidence would seem to support this state of affairs, though the danger of over-romanticising the relationship should be avoided. He was educated at Cambridge and the Inns of Court, and was a man of many parts: scholar, diplomat, translator, poet and antiquarian. Some of his revision was good, simplifying Sir George's rather turgid style, and cutting out some philosophising digressions, but he also cut out some of the personal references and toned down some of Sir George's plain speaking. The first two deal with Richard's life. Alison Hanham in her review thought it must refer to Hall's chronicle, or its revisions by Grafton or Holinshed. In similar vein to the Crowland chronicler, Mancini had Hastings say he was in great danger 'for he could scarcely escape the snares of his enemies' but added that this danger was also due to his friendship with Richard. The relevant passage runs: John after William next born was, He was knighted, and given honorary degrees by Cambridge and Leeds. Eleanor Talbot-Butler was not available to testify to the precontract as she had died in 1468. Taking his status from his father, Hastings combined his background of landed gentry with the pride of his maternal ancestry. Nevertheless, he was not unpatriotic. Markham first published his conclusions in a long article in the English Historical Review in 1891. It is likely that in the future even more accurate dating will be possible. ‘Richard III and the Men who Died in Battle’ by the late Lesley Boatwright, the late Moira Habberjam and Peter Hammond. Polydore Vergil openly suggested that Richard rid himself of Anne. It derives solely from a poem in the Clare Roll listing all of the children in Richard’s family. The modern suggestion of Portuguese spouses for both Richard and Elizabeth, discussed in recent Bulletins, provides a much better explanation for this letter, and would certainly have interested Sir George.[10]. How long Richard could have held the office was and is open to speculation and no-one was more acutely aware of this than Richard himself. The Crowland Chronicle stated '… the execution, whatever form it took, was carried out secretly in the Tower of London'. In 1987, Carole Rawcliffe published one of Cecily’s letters, written to Margaret of Anjou in the summer of 1453, in which Cecily referred to ‘encomerous labour, to me full painful and uneasy’ that was connected with her inability to meet the queen at that time. J. Strachey, 6 vols. Catesby benefited directly from Hastings' demise with grants for the constableship of Rockingham Castle (with Francis Lovel), the stewardship of St Albans Abbey and Hastings' Exchequer offices. It does not follow however that Richard and Anne were 'childhood sweethearts' and married for love. Neither gives a complete picture and both are questionable as to their reliability. Book IV deals with the bastardy of Edward IV's children, and the mooted marriage between Richard and Elizabeth of York. This fact alone might lead us to conjecture that Richard had considerable support amongst the nobility and City of London for the course of action that he had pursued. So much is now a commonplace. [23] Kendall is reminded of 'one of the nobler figures in the Idylls of the King'. In 1793, after the outbreak of the French Revolution, he wrote 'I must now believe that any atrocity may have been attempted or practised by an ambitious prince of the blood aiming at the crown in the fifteenth century'.[18]. The bodies were then buried at the foot of a flight of stairs in the Tower. Mancini is critical of Richard for ordering the execution of Hastings, which he considered came about '… on the false pretext of treason'. The historian, Paul Murray Kendall commented: 'seldom has a man so little known become so important so quickly'. It was urgent that there should be a king, and it was generally undesirable that a child should be on the throne, and opposition to the proposal that Richard should be king might coalesce if the matter was delayed. Collectively these are the 'crimes' of Richard III. Welcome Richard III - King Of England. Whatever the view of modern commentators, an ecclesiastical court might well have pronounced in Richard's favour. Members lent each other books and manuscripts, researched topics, and gave papers on them at meetings. Hastings must have experienced great sorrow at the loss of his beloved master and friend, all the more poignant as Edward was the younger man. Why, she was dead ere thou wert born. It was supported by a sermon at St Mary's Hospital Bishopsgate by Thomas Penketh, the Provincial of the Augustine Friars, at Easter 1484, part of a sequence of highly prestigious sermons held each year in Easter Week in London at St Paul's and St Mary's; they were attended by the mayor, aldermen and all leading citizens and drew large crowds. It is therefore apparent that a further examination of these bones could tell us much more than could be determined in 1933. At what stage Stillington told his story to Richard about King Edward's pre-contract with Eleanor Butler is unknown but undoubtedly Richard was in possession of the revelation by this time and now had three options open to him: ignore the pre-contract and continue with the coronation on the 22nd; postpone the coronation; or assume the throne on the grounds of the illegitimacy of his nephews. Richard III societies in the United States and in Great Britain celebrate their hero’s birthday each year, and have argued forcefully that Richard was innocent of his nephews’ disappearance. This is seen as referring to Elizabeth's share in the responsibility for their deaths, although the document does not name her.*. There is a large element of myth about feelings towards the Woodvilles, and much of what is written is with the benefit of hindsight. if not to heaven, then hand-in-hand to hell'. According to Thomas More the person who betrayed Hastings was the lawyer William Catesby, who had for many years served not only Hastings but also the duke of Buckingham. Edward IV certainly specified in his will that Richard was to be Protector of the realm in the event of a minority. 911 Followers, 29 Following, 172 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Richard III Society (@richardiiisociety) Hastings dismissed Stanley's fears with 'we might be as likely to make them true by our going' and sent the messenger home, saying, he was sure of Richard. Two interesting points emerge from More's story of Catesby's tendentious enquiries. The urn containing the 'bones' in Westminster AbbeyAnother major deficiency in 1933 was the lack of a reliable method for establishing a family relationship between the two bodies. We have to be content to wait for that and when scientific advances will have made the results much more meaningful. If Chancellor John Russell was the anonymous continuator of the Crowland Chronicle, he was probably involved in the other council meeting taking place at Westminster and, therefore, not an eye witness. [28] The first part recounts Richard's life and times, and the second part tackles the accusations made against him. A government re-shuffle had John Russell succeed Rotherham as chancellor and John Gunthorpe succeed Russell as keeper of the privy seal. The Society will, however, welcome a re-examination if and when the authorities are prepared to give permission. Initially the myth involved blackening the Yorkists, whom the Tudors succeeded, but from the outset this blackening was partial, targeting Richard III rather than his brother Edward IV. However, these were exceptional times. The Richard III Society. In 2012 the Richard III Society was instrumental in leading an archaeological effort to positively locate and identify the long-lost remains of Richard III, which resulted in the discovery and retrieval of the remains from beneath a Leicester car park. It is very likely that Hastings was aware of the threat posed by Robert Stillington and his knowledge of the pre-contract with Eleanor Butler. Thomas More reported something similar: ‘It is for truth reported that the duchess his mother had so much ado in her travail, that she could not be delivered of him uncut: and that he came into the world with the feet forward … and (as the fame runneth) also not untoothed.’ With an unusual degree of scepticism for More, he acknowledged that the report may have been the product of men’s ‘hatred’. [25] In this volume he thanks 'the talented and zealous' Miss Halsted for her help: '[she] has adduced a host of authorities, apparently proving that [Gloucester's] personal deformity existed but in the libels of an opposing faction … her researches seem to throw such light over the darker shades in his chequered career, as to induce the strongest presumption that he was not guilty of, or accessory to, those startling crimes which have been charged to his account. When Hastings reached Tower Wharf a double coincidence occurred as he met another man called Hastings whom he had last seen at the same place during the period when he had been accused by Lord Rivers and fallen from King Edward's favour. Medieval canon law allowed Richard, Duke of Gloucester to raise the question of the children's legitimacy as late as 1483. This is a literary form in which rhetorical skills are used to defend something which everyone believes clearly indefensible; the motivation is not so much to prove to people that they have been wrong, but to prove how clever you are at manipulating words. The most vexed question centres on the possible involvement of Lord Hastings - does this explain his sudden execution on 13 June? However, in a few years it may be possible to find out even more and it is not desirable to disinter bodies just to satisfy our curiosity now. Hastings and the Queen's kin may well have jostled for King Edward's favour but compromise was essential between those who so prominently served their king. He used BL Harleian manuscript 433, that important source for Richard's reign, and claimed that this enabled him to see Richard 'more in the real shape and features than has yet been done'. ‘Richard’s concern for the law will, of course, come as little surprise to Ricardians. Whilst More did at least concede that this was only a rumour, the seed was sown. Hastings' 'animosity' against Queen Elizabeth is not as well documented as that between Hastings and the Queen's immediate relations. Further, Hastings retained his offices and 'his interests were respected' so, it has been argued, why should he conspire against the Protector? Following the sequestration, the Archbishop wrote to the executors, empowering them to sell goods of the late King to pay for his funeral expenses that had amounted to £1,496. Richard's seizure of power had generated opposition in his own lifetime – Tudor would have been a non-starter otherwise. Jeremy Potter writes 'There is no evidence ... to connect Richard with the death of his brother Clarence, who was later executed on King Edward's orders after a public slanging match … ', The Usurpation – 'My thoughts aim at a further matter; I stay not for love of Edward, but the crown'. In the meantime Hastings was active in the council chamber. It is now accepted that if Henry VI was murdered in the Tower he died on the orders of Edward IV. The Great West doorway of theCarmelite Priory Church in Norwich.Lady Eleanor's coffin would have passed beneath this archway.© John Ashdown-HillIt has frequently been asserted that parliament was an improper place to try the issue of illegitimacy, as it was a secular assembly. During the course of the play the audience is made aware that Richard is responsible for the deaths of Henry VI and his son Prince Edward, Richard's brother the duke of Clarence, Earl Rivers, Richard Grey, Vaughan, William Hastings, the Princes, the duke of Buckingham and his own queen, Anne Neville. Perhaps the measure of William Hastings was his popularity and good reputation in spite of his success. He saw it himself; it was in the possession of the earl of Arundel, then head of the Howard family. The Society’s edition of Harleian MS 433 was first published in print in four volumes over the years 1979 to 1983. Rawcliffe speculated that Cecily had taken some time to recover from the ‘ordeal’ of Richard’s birth the previous year. On 16 June Richard took the second option, he issued the writs of supersedeas cancelling both the coronation on the 22nd and parliament on 25 June and he named a new coronation date of 9 November, The deliberations by which Richard came to his decision to become king had now begun in earnest and the decision was made by the Saturday. Richard had a crooked body – but that was Nature's generosity, because she put a straight mind in him, and anyway it didn't stop him doing 'actions most perfectly valiant'. On 7 May a meeting of the late King's executors, including Richard, Buckingham, Hastings, Stanley and leading prelates, took place at the home of Duchess Cecily of York at Baynards Castle when Cardinal Bourchier the Archbishop of Canterbury, placed Edward IV's jewels under ecclesiastical sequestration. Although he was far from being politically impotent, Hastings' rancour could have been shared by other officials of the late King's government, Rotherham, Morton and Stanley, the 'quadrumvirate of the dispossessed' (Kendall). York: Marry, they say my uncle grew so fast that he could gnaw a crust at two hours old. However, Cecily mentioned meeting Margaret earlier in 1453. Kendall's biography of Richard III is full of purple prose, his description of Richard and the Woodvilles being no exception, In the Woodville court Richard could not have been at ease … he could not bring himself to enjoy the company of the Woodvilles, whose arrogance shone as bright as the newness of their fortunes… Sir Thomas Grey … was already in training to become a boon companion of the King … In the tilt-yard the talk was all of Anthony Woodville … The Queen, beautiful and rapacious, … viewed the King's two brothers only as rivals of her family for the favours of her lord. It is perhaps too easy to read something into the past to explain these events. The initial period following Edward's death suggests that Queen Elizabeth and her supporters were aiming to crown Edward V before Richard could assume the role of Protector. Very faithful, & trusty ynough, trusting to much'. As to the manner of Richard's claiming the throne, Cornwallis has an answer to everything. Duchess: I pray thee, pretty York, who told thee this? The Titulus Regius, composed by Richard's supporters, attempted to circumvent this problem of jurisdiction by emphasising the notorious nature of the entire case which obviated an actual trial. This sounds swashbuckling, but was not the same as a Lord of Misrule. But nor is it pure fiction. As the date of the coronation drew near, events gathered momentum and the first indication of the ensuing turmoil was the virtual suspension of normal government: grants ceased to be recorded by 11 June. He was instrumental in raising the funds with which the Discovery was built, and choosing Captain R.F. He may also have been disappointed at Richard's qualified recognition of his own support. Richard benefited from the death of Clarence, and there is no evidence to indicate that he went against Edward and put in a good word to try and save Clarence. She attended Hummersknott School and embarked on a career on advertising and marketing, eventually settling in Edinbugh.. Richard III Society. In the report a relationship was largely assumed, and unreliable techniques then applied to prove it. He indirectly benefited by removing a potential opponent to Richard's claim to the throne and the ultimate advancement of his new master. The Richard III Society. This did not help their legitimacy in the fifteenth century, however: 'adultery, when coupled with a present contract of marriage', was an impediment to the subsequent marriage of the two adulterers. He personified the restless, adventurous, rebellious side of the nineteenth century, leaving Westminster School at the age of 14 to join the Royal Navy and see the world. His role of Protector may be regarded to some extent as nominal: he had failed to obtain the Council's agreement to the executions of Rivers and Grey; the Queen remained in sanctuary with her youngest son and daughters, to Richard's embarrassment; and there was an independent party of magnates and prelates led by Hastings who could wield considerable influence and power. To receive and see the range of articles included in the Ricardian Bulletin, you will need to join the Society. The handling of the denouement was also well planned and careful consideration given to the wording of the subsequent proclamation, as suggested by More. Hastings needed to ally himself with his estranged colleagues and with the Queen. '[13] Being an MP, he was able to get an emergency debate on the matter in the House of Commons, but he could not save Byng, who was court-martialled for negligence. Naturally, this has led some people to postulate that a work by John Morton, or Thomas More's account, is meant. Patron: HRH The Duke of Gloucester KG GCVO "Although this prince was not so superlative as to assume the name of holy or best, you see him a wise, magnificent and a valiant man, and a just, bountiful and temperate; and an eloquent and magnanimous and pious prince; and a benefactor to the holy church and to the realm. But a few months later it was still thought necessary to explain the title carefully: in April the Ironmongers' Company of London recorded that they had paid for two wherries to take them to Westminster 'the which tyme the kyng tytylle and right was ther publyschid and shewid'. The Society carrying his name was founded in 1924 under the evocative title of The Fellowship of the White Boar, by S. Saxon Barton OBE, a Liverpool surgeon, who became its president. The manuscript, heavily revised, had been almost ready, but not quite. 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